Posted by: zanshin, 2007-11-04 01:48

Story

Islamofascism
WILLIAM SAFIRE, 2006-10-01 (Sunday), NY Times
Every war is entitled to a name. World War II was a warmed-over name, and the Korean conflict was not at first even given the name of “war,” which Vietnam rated until it was overtaken by “syndrome.” And not until 1947 was our intense but not-hot war against the Soviet Union named — in a speech by Bernard Baruch, written by Herbert Bayard Swope — the cold war.

We are now engaged in what many stay-the-coursers like to call “the long war,” which may turn out to be its name in history unless good fortune shortens it. But more important than the name of the war — at least to the people on our side fighting and supporting it — is the name of the enemy. To allow a sworn enemy to remain nameless is to grant it the propaganda advantage of eternal mystery.

Accordingly, President Bush and his legion of the resolved tried out “war on terror.” But that was derivative (“war on poverty,” “war on drugs,” “war on” a variety of isms), and terror was the method used by the enemy, not the enemy itself — an amorphous idea of intimidation rather than a specific, belligerent nation or a hostile people.

What rallying title to use? Not the “Iraqi war”; the elected Iraqi government is on our side. The “war on Saddam” is over, and the “war on bin Laden” would only build up a TV ghost. The “war on Islam”? No; we’re not fighting a whole religion. Bush tried narrowing that to “Islamic radicals,” but that formulation was denounced by Democratic senators and nonradical Muslims. “There was a conscious desire not to use just one definitive word,” said Michael Gerson, until last year the president’s chief speechwriter, now a Newsweek columnist, “because there wasn’t a perfect word.”

Bush has been sensitive from the first days after 9/11 to the wrong of tarring the vast majority of Muslims with guilt-by-association rhetoric. In straining to be fair, however, he set out a few suggested labels but declined to choose: “Some call this evil Islamic radicalism; others, militant jihadism; still others, Islamofascism. Whatever it’s called, this ideology is very different from the religion of Islam.”

That’s the tie-salesman approach to war-naming. (“You like this one? How about this one? Or this?”) This was not typical, ringing, forthright Bush oratory; rather, it was as if the president had taken the contribution of the speechwriters Gerson and David Frum years ago and fused Saddam’s Iraq, the mullahs’ Iran and nuclear-armed North Korea into an “axis of whatever.”

But the option preferred by “still others” bears closer scrutiny: Islamofascism treats the opening Islam as the specifying modifier for the dominant noun, the repugnant ideology of fascism.

What’s a fascist? In 1922, the Italian politician Benito Mussolini turned to a symbol of the ancient Roman imperium, the fasces, which the Penn State professor of classics Daniel Berman informs me was “a bundle” of birch rods and an ax standing for penal authority. Il Duce’s Partito Nazionale Fascista stood for militarism, social elitism and fierce nationalism, combined with contempt for democracy and anger at the rise of Communism. In Germany soon afterward, Adolf Hitler’s version of fascism — his party was called National Socialism, or Nazi — added to that menacing bundle of sticks a fury against “decadence” represented by the despised weak and intellectual, demanding the replacement of “feminine lamentation” with “virile hatred” of Marxists and, above all, Jews.

But in current usage, fascism is remembered less as an ideology than as a dictatorship employing violent repression at home and military aggression abroad. Because of its anti-Communist beginnings and despite early socialist pretensions, the intolerant “axis” of Rome and Berlin, and later Tokyo, is semantically associated with ultraconservativism. The imprecation fascist has been more often flung at the far right by the extreme left than vice versa.

That’s been changing in recent years. Fascism is not so much taken to be a left or right political ideology; rather, it has become a word defining hate-based practices employed by a totalitarian regime or movement — bundling such punishing birch-whip words as “dictatorial,” “bigoted,” “jack-booted,” “racist,” “sexist,” “power-famished.”

To address the “some, others, still others” range of “ism” choices to describe Al Quaeda and affiliated terrorists:

First, Islamic radicalism seems long, bookish and weak, because a radical need not be any kind of terrorist.

Second, militant jihadist is redundant if you take jihad to mean “holy war.” But some Muslim scholars translate the Arabic word as “spiritual struggle,” from jahada, “to strive,” and besides, jihad is too unfamiliar to many English-speakers to register quickly as a label.

Third, Islamofascism. A popularizer of the term has been Christopher Hitchens, who writes for The Atlantic Monthly, Vanity Fair and Slate. He declines coinage credit, informing me that he wrote that the 9/11 attacks represented “fascism with an Islamic face,” (a play on Susan Sontag’s phrase about the Polish coup of 1981, “fascism with a human face,” in turn based on the 1968 “Prague spring” theme, “Communism with a human face”). The first use I can find is in The Independent of Sept. 8, 1990: “Authoritarian government, not to say ‘Islamo-fascism,”’ wrote Malise Ruthven in the London newspaper, “is the rule rather than the exception from Morocco to Pakistan.”

The O.E.D. has a half-dozen citations of the Islamo combining form dating to 1906, from IslamoArab to Islamocentrist. Why the connective “o” and not a divisive “ic”? Euphony; the Greek construction flows more easily. That’s why Islamofascism may have legs: the compound defines those terrorists who profess a religious mission while embracing totalitarian methods and helps separate them from devout Muslims who want no part of terrorist means.

Send comments and suggestions to: safireonlanguage@nytimes.com.

Copyright 2006 The New York Times Company

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9/11,   Al-Qaeda,   Bush,   communism,   democracy,   Drugs,   Fascism,   Germany,   Iran,   Iraq,   Islam,   islamofascism,   Jihad,   military,   Morocco,   Muslims,   Mussolini,   nationalism,   North Korea,   Pakistan,   Poverty,   religion,   socialism,   USA,   Vietnam,   War On Terror,  

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2007-08-29Making America Safer by Defeating Extremists in the Middle East
2007-09-02Remarks By The President At 2002 Graduation Exercise Of The United States Military Academy
2007-09-08Mugged by reality -- How it all went wrong in Iraq
2007-09-08Bin Laden Expert: He's Winning
2007-09-07Israel’s cost to the Arabs
2007-09-05If you want my opinion
2007-09-15The middle of nowhere
2007-09-17New Terrorism Case Confirms That Denmark Is a Target
2007-09-11Lessons from the Bloc
2007-09-21Why Capitalism Needs Terror: An Interview with Naomi Klein
2007-09-24Betrayed -- The Iraqis who trusted America the most
2007-10-04In Search of Forever War
2007-10-02A Tale of Extraordinary Renditions and Double-Standards -- THE FORGOTTEN PRISONER
2007-10-12The Iconoclast
2007-10-15The new Taliban
2007-10-15An Internet Jihad Sells Extremism to Viewers in the U.S.
2007-10-31Wake up! -- For the benefit of all Iranians who have their heads in the sand
2007-10-20The War on Afghanistan Was Wrong, Too
2007-10-21In Pakistan Quandary, U.S. Reviews Stance
2007-11-07Blood borders -- How a better Middle East would look
2007-11-09A Week of Islamophobia
2007-11-04Crib Sheet: "Islamofascism" -- Debunking a Conservative Smear Tactic
2007-11-02Vice President's Remarks to the Heritage Foundation
2010-10-08Speech Geert Wilders In Berlijn
2008-10-26Rod Dreher: What the Muslim Brotherhood means for the U.S.
2008-10-26Afghanistan: the neo-Taliban campaign -- What Nato failed to understand
2008-11-06Country Reports on Terrorism -- Chapter 2 -- Country Reports: Africa Overview
2008-11-14How the US can learn to survive and thrive -- Creative technology is the key
2008-11-16Bill Moyers Journal -- November 14, 2008 -- Transcript
2008-12-06Obama's War Cabinet
2008-11-2321st Century Strategies For Sustainability
2008-11-21The New Geopolitics
2008-08-25The changes in the fight against illegal immigration in the Euro-Mediterranean area and in Euro-Mediterranean relations
2008-08-19Double Standards in the Global War on Terror
2008-08-21The Breaking Point -- A New Age of Torture
2008-10-15A mad scramble over Afghanistan
2009-06-07The Wages of Hubris and Vengeance -- The Future of Israel and the Decline of the American Empire
2009-07-20Transcript of President Barack Obama's speech at the National Archives
2009-07-22Street Fighting Man
2009-07-07President Barack Obama???s Moscow speech
2009-01-19This war on terrorism is bogus
2008-12-27Barack Obama: The Naked Emperor
2009-01-15Barack Obama: it is no longer essential to kill Osama bin Laden
2009-02-11The Great Crash, 2008 -- A Geopolitical Setback for the West
2009-02-08One on One: 'With no likelihood of US use of force, that leaves Israel'
2007-08-08Red Mosque: Endgame for Musharraf?
2007-08-01From Planning to Warfare to Occupation, How Iraq Went Wrong
2007-08-15Bush’s war czar floats call for military draft
2007-07-27To Check Syria, U.S. Explores Bond With Muslim Brothers
2007-07-10Muslims in Europe: Country guide
2007-07-17A world wide web of terror
2007-07-17Al-Qaida may use Iraqi network to attack U.S.
2007-06-20"Hurray! We're Capitulating!"